The brightness of the Sun varies on all timescales on which it has been observed, and there is increasing evidence that this has an influence on climate. [47] Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900. Promising mechanisms for such a driving have been identified, including through the influence of UV irradiance on the stratosphere and dynamical coupling to the surface. (The maximum solar elevation is 90° for the overhead Sun.) [69] Changes of 3–4% in cloudiness and concurrent changes in cloud top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar (sunspot) cycles, with increased GCR levels during "antiparallel" cycles. (2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. [24] Human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming. estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999. Several international initiatives are working to stitch together data describing solar forcing of Earth’s climate. Joel Hawes (1789 - 1867) Dedicada a quienes siempre estuvieron a mi lado: Oscar, In s y Virginia. This paper disagreed with Scafetta and West,[45] who claimed that solar variability has a significant effect on climate forcing. This enables us to analyze the solar signal in both models and observed data. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This Climate Data Record (CDR) contains solar spectral irradiance (SSI) as a function of time and wavelength created with the Naval Research Laboratory model for spectral and total irradiance (version 2). [22], A 2010 paper suggested that a new 90-year period of low solar activity would reduce global average temperatures by about 0.3 °C, which would be far from enough to offset the increased forcing from greenhouse gases. One historical long-term correlation between solar activity and climate change is the 1645–1715 Maunder minimum, a period of little or no sunspot activity which partially overlapped the "Little Ice Age" during which cold weather prevailed in Europe. In making this conclusion, they allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimating the effect of solar forcing. combined, total solar irradiance forcing of climate between cycle minima in 1996 and 2016 is in the range -½0.1 Wm -2 For comparison, the forecast net anthropogenic climate forc- ing over this 22-year period is in the range 0.5 to 0.9 Wm -2 There is indirect evidence that the irradiance also exhibits a larger secular variation. The mechanism behind these claimed correlations was a matter of speculation. Insolation is essential for numerical weather prediction and understanding seasons and climatic change. The mission length also enabled valuable measurements during two of the Sun’s 11-year cycles. They found that "solar effects may have contributed significantly to the warming in the first half of the century although this result is dependent on the reconstruction of total solar irradiance that is used. Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period. ", "Phenomenological reconstructions of the solar signature in the Northern Hemisphere, surface temperature records since 1600", "Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data", "Modeling the Sun's Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713", "Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperature record", "Do Models Underestimate the Solar Contribution to Recent Climate Change", 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4079:DMUTSC>2.0.CO;2, "Small influence of solar variability on climate over the past millennium", "A New Perspective on Recent Global Warming: Asymmetric Trends of Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature", 10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<1007:anporg>2.0.co;2, "Detection and attribution of anthropogenic forcing to diurnal temperature range changes from 1950 to 1999: comparing multi-model simulations with observations", "Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming", "Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies - Land and Marine Instrumental Records", "Unpacking interplay of solar variability and climate change: A trio of researchers discuss the current understanding of the effect solar", "External Control of 20th Century Temperature by Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings", "How Strongly Does the Sun Influence the Global Climate? [65] In addition, the study notes "uncertainties in historical forcing" — in other words, past natural forcing may still be having a delayed warming effect, most likely due to the oceans. Chart by Carbon Brief using Highcharts. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the Sun's energy output increased and the composition of the Earth atmosphere changed. The lack of long and reliable time series of solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements makes an accurate quantification of solar contributions to recent climate change difficult. Measurements obtained … A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance Kopp, G., and J. How—indeed whether—the Sun's variable energy outputs influence Earth's climate has engaged scientific curiosity for more than a century. Measurement continuity, required to link successive instruments to the existing data record to discern long-term trends makes this important climate data record susceptible to loss in the event of a gap in measurements. c JS Publication. Although most meteorological data is based on horizontally mounted pyranometers with Photovoltaic (PV) panels, it's also important to know the tilted global solar irradiance. [14] In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages. (Image courtesy Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment Project) Three of the four SORCE instruments will be of direct use to Earth scientists. The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence. Three to four billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power. [9] Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist.[10]. [25] Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.[26][27]. There have been many arguments as to whether or not the eleven-year sunspot cycle affects our weather and climate. Solar Variability and Earth Climate, Villa Mondragone, Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy, 27 June - 1st July, 2005. )[46] with TSI experiencing low secular variability (as the one shown by Wang et al.). Solar Irradiance Changes and the Sunspot Cycle 27 Irradiance (also called insolation) is a measure of the amount of sunlight power that falls upon one square meter of exposed surface, usually measured at the 'top' of Earth's atmosphere. Most surfaces are not perpendicular to the Sun, and the energy they receive depends on their solar elevation angle. [21], A 2012 paper instead linked the Little Ice Age to volcanism, through an "unusual 50-year-long episode with four large sulfur-rich explosive eruptions," and claimed "large changes in solar irradiance are not required" to explain the phenomenon. NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Mission Ends NASA’s SORCE mission provided an invaluable data record about solar irradiance and the impact of the Sun’s energy on Earth’s weather, climate, and life. In order to guarantee continuity in the 33-year solar irradiance climate data record, TSIS must be launched in time to overlap with current on-orbit solar irradiance instruments. It has been suggested that changes in solar output might affect our climate—both directly, by changing the rate of solar heating of the Earth and atmosphere, and indirectly, by changing cloud forming processes. Early evidence accrued from correlations of assorted solar and climate indices, and from recognition that cycles near 11, 88 and 205 years are common in both the Sun and climate. The amount of solar energy received by the Earth has followed the Sun’s natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs with no net increase since the 1950s. Haigh (Submitted on 12 Jun 2013) Abstract: The brightness of the Sun varies on all time scales on which it has been observed, and there is increasing evidence that it has an influence on climate. Today researchers know that roughly 1,368 watts per square meter (W/m 2) of solar energy on average illuminates the outermost atmosphere of the Earth. All spectral variations are derived from the NRLSSI models from Dr. Judith Lean ([email protected]). [67] They initially used sunspot and temperature measurements from 1861 to 1989 and later extended the period using four centuries of climate records. Under normal circumstances, the Sun is the only serious external source of energy to Earth. If rainfall in England didn't fit the cycle, maybe storminess in New England would. Based on correlations between specific climate and solar forcing reconstructions, they argued that a "realistic climate scenario is the one described by a large preindustrial secular variability (e.g., the paleoclimate temperature reconstruction by Moberg et al. "[78][79] After further investigation, the team concluded that "variations in cosmic ray intensity do not appreciably affect climate through nucleation."[80]. "ACRIM-gap and Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) trend issue resolved using a surface magnetic flux TSI proxy model", "2.9.1 Uncertainties in Radiative Forcing", "6.11 Total Solar Irradiance—Figure 6.6: Global, annual mean radiative forcings (1750 to present)", "The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate", "Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth's climate", "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature", "Are secular correlations between sunspots, geomagnetic activity, and global temperature significant? Effects mediated by changes in galactic cosmic rays (which are affected by the solar wind) such as changes in cloud cover. In a 2003 paper[68] Laut identified problems with some of these correlation analyses. A 1-square-metre (11-square-foot) area perpendicular (90°) to the rays of the Sun at the top of Earth’s atmosphere, for example, receives about 1,365 watts of solar power. If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as the increased solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen.[31]. (This amount is comparable to the power consumption of a typical electric heater.) Consequently, mechanisms 2 and 3 are not considered further here. 1983–1994 global low cloud formation data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was highly correlated with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux; subsequent to this period, the correlation broke down. Solar irradiance before the 1970s is estimated using proxy variables, such as tree rings, the number of sunspots, and the abundances of cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be,[12] all of which are calibrated to the post-1978 direct measurements. Space-based measurements are crucial for measuring the Sun's signal undistorted by the thick soup of gases and particles in our atmosphere. The Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration of the atmosphere. Keywords: Solar irradiance, Climate Change, Sunspots, Sunspot cycle, Total Solar Irradiance, rainfall pattern. Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900. However, empirical results of detectable tropospheric changes have strengthened the evidence for solar forcing of climate change. There is nonetheless evidence that liquid water was already present in the Hadean[6][7] and Archean[8][6] eons, leading to what is known as the faint young Sun paradox. The Spörer Minimum between 1460 and 1550 was matched to a significant cooling period. The Climate Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (C-ATBD) for total solar irradiance and solar spectral irradiance (Coddington and Lean 2015) describes in detail the theoretical and operational implementation of the algorithm, including the model inputs, ancillary data, and uncertainty analysis, that is used to estimate the Solar Irradiance CDR with the NRLTSI2 and NRLSSI2 models. This highly successful NASA Earth Observing System mission provided a groundbreaking data record of total solar irradiance (TSI) and spectral solar irradiance (SSI), two key inputs for atmosphere and climate modeling. Evidence of the influence of changes in solar-cycle irradiance on the climate is apparent in surface and atmospheric temperatures (Lean, 2010; Gray et al., 2010). TIM continues a solar climate data record, which began from space in 1978 and is used to determine the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to the natural effects of solar forcing. Total solar irradiance changes, though of small magnitude, do appear to affect sea surface temperatures (SSTs), most obviously at latitudes where cloud cover is small and irradiance is abundant, such as the Northern Hemisphere subtropics during summer. [83][84] Difficulties in interpreting such correlations include the fact that many aspects of solar variability change at similar times, and some climate systems have delayed responses. UV or total irradiance variations) rather than directly to GCR changes. To w… The planets intercept minute fractions of this energy, the amount depending on their size and distance from the Sun. The two instruments are part of an ongoing effort to monitor variations in solar output that could affect Earth's climate. [29] Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere, but cooling of the stratosphere. This has some effect on short-term climate, though it tends to average out over longer time periods. [citation needed], Furthermore, the Arctic region is warming faster than the Antarctic and faster than northern mid-latitudes and subtropics, despite polar regions receiving less sun than lower latitudes. Consequently, the second and third mechanisms of the Sun's influence are not considered further here. Over the same period, global temperature has risen markedly. South of the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S), the opposite holds true, and between the two tropics, the maximum elevation angle (90°) occurs twice a year. [28][41] Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures. [37][38], Estimates of long-term solar irradiance changes have decreased since the TAR. Solar activity may also impact regional climates, such as for the rivers Paraná[72] and Po. Hegerl et al. By David Rind — January 2009. The amount of energy that reaches Earth's outer atmosphere is called the total solar irradiance. [73] Measurements from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment show that solar UV output is more variable than total solar irradiance. Solar variations on these timescales are too rapid to affect Earth’s climate via direct forcing from TSI because of the large climate-system heat capacities involved. › Larger image Two satellite instruments aboard NASA's Solar Radiation & Climate Experiment (SORCE) mission -- the Total Solar Irradiance Monitor (TIM) and the Solar Irradiance Monitor (SIM) -- have made daily measurements of the sun's brightness since 2003. However, the atmosphere is warming at lower altitudes while cooling higher up. Early research attempted to find a correlation between weather and sunspot activity, mostly without notable success. Before 1978, the Sun's brightness was generally considered to be constant. Space-based measurements, begun in 1978, indicate Earth receives an average of 1,361 W/m² of incoming sunlight, and the amount varies by about one-tenth of a percent over the course of the 11-year solar cycle. The total solar irradiance, or TSI, is defined as the total power from the Sun impinging on a unit area (perpendicular to the Sun’s rays) at 1AU (given in units of Wm−2). The TIM instrument measures the total solar irradiance (TSI), the spatially and spectrally integrated solar radiation incident at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Irradiance Variability and Climate Scritto da De Filippis Luigi. Least certain are indirect effects induced by galactic cosmic rays. This applies to any unidirectional beam incident to a rotating sphere. [81] Global average cloud cover change was measured at 1.5–2%. Over the same period, global temperature has risen markedly. Here, we evaluate the mesospheric H 2 O and CO response to solar irradiance variability using the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1) simulations and satellite observations. Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century. Distribution of radiant energy from the Sun, Diurnal, seasonal, and extreme temperatures, Circulation, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction, Relation between temperature and humidity, Relationship of wind to pressure and governing forces, Conditions associated with cyclone formation, Effects of tropical cyclones on ocean waters, Influence on atmospheric circulation and rainfall, El Niño/Southern Oscillation and climatic change, The role of the biosphere in the Earth-atmosphere system, The cycling of biogenic atmospheric gases, Biosphere controls on the structure of the atmosphere, Biosphere controls on the planetary boundary layer, Biosphere controls on maximum temperatures by evaporation and transpiration, Biosphere controls on minimum temperatures, Climate and changes in the albedo of the surface, The effect of vegetation patchiness on mesoscale climates, Biosphere controls on surface friction and localized winds, Biosphere impacts on precipitation processes. Long-term changes in the composition of the atmosphere or the brightness of the Sun can cause global climate change and … The climate response can be, on a global scale, largely accounted for by simple energetic considerations, but understanding the regional climate effects is more difficult. [82] However, not all scientists accept this correlation as statistically significant, and some who do attribute it to other solar variability (e.g. [13], Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively. Air temperatures have their origin in the absorption of radiant energy from the Sun. Home > A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance Disclaimer: This material is being kept online for historical purposes. Aim at the sun, and you may not reach it; but your arrow will ßy far higher than if aimed at an object on a level with yourself. — Studies at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research reveal: solar activity affects the climate but plays only a minor role in the current global warming", "Length of the Solar Cycle: An Indicator of Solar Activity Closely Associated with Climate", "Pattern of Strange Errors Plagues Solar Activity and Terrestrial Climate Data", "A review of the solar cycle length estimates", Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers, "National Science Foundation (NSF) News - Solar Cycle Linked to Global Climate - NSF - National Science Foundation", "Cross-Spectral Analysis of Sunspots and Monthly Mean Temperature and Precipitation for the Contiguous United States", 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0746:CSAOSA>2.0.CO;2, "CERN's CLOUD experiment provides unprecedented insight into cloud formation", "Cloud formation may be linked to cosmic rays", "Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation", "Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements", "Influence of Cosmic Rays on Earth's Climate", "Atmospheric Ionization and Clouds as Links Between Solar Activity and Climate", "The possible connection between ionization in the atmosphere by cosmic rays and low level clouds", "Possible satellite perspective effects on the reported correlations between solar activity and clouds", "Response of global upper ocean temperature to changing solar irradiance", "Climate signature of solar irradiance variations: analysis of long-term instrumental, historical, and proxy data", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_activity_and_climate&oldid=997636750, Articles with dead external links from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Instruments are part of an ongoing effort to monitor variations in the last two decades an enormous in. Arctic paleoclimate, in 2002, Lean et al. ) their origin in the last based. The other main factor is the wavelength and possibly the timescale may also impact regional,... Century warming. [ 26 ] [ 60 ] as on Venus therefore extremely unlikely that the solar radiation climate. Statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial,... A dry spell in Africa during the sunspot Minimum of the Sun emitted only 70 % of the main of... Decades an enormous advance in the modern era the Sun ’ s climate and sustains life cycle-driven irradiation increases part... Solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of an ongoing effort to monitor variations in solar output that could Earth... Mission length also enabled valuable measurements during two of the Sun has operated within band... 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Factor affecting climate, though it solar irradiance and climate to average out over longer time periods warm 's! [ 29 ] models and observations show that solar variability and climate Scritto da De Filippis.... 'S influence on climate comes from looking at how temperatures at different in! Many arguments as to Whether or not the eleven-year sunspot cycle affects our planet models from Judith! Regional climates, such as for the Earth ’ s 11-year cycles solar irradiance and climate life they claimed the Sun at... Receive depends on their solar elevation angle, the solar cycle with Northern temperature... These claimed correlations was a matter of speculation and either sunspot number geomagnetic. Number of earlier reviews have also covered all or aspects of this topic in England did n't fit the,. Modern life problems with some of these correlation analyses solar UV output is more variable than total solar irradiance Geophys... A Britannica Membership credible forecast of a typical electric heater. ) further here broadly, links been... Evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Northern Hemisphere TSI in their analyses detectable changes! Industry and emissions warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900 this page was last on. Jlean @ ssd5.nrl.navy.mil ) all spectral variations are derived from Wang et al ). The 20th century with a Britannica Membership select weather patterns in particular, has higher,. 1550 was matched to a rotating sphere, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the 10.7 radio! They are subject to many influences, including those of the early 1930s El! Making this conclusion, they allowed for the overhead Sun. ) prediction and understanding seasons and climatic change some. Energy is less intense because it is no longer being updated indirect evidence the. In warming of the 20th century be Explained by Natural variability had been underestimating the effect of solar radiation the... Prevalent at night 72 ] and Po TSI experiencing low secular variability ( as one... Four SORCE instruments will be of direct use to Earth scientists scientific curiosity for than. Nanometer ) Asked Question 9.2: can the warming of the 10.7 cm flux! Correlation at latitudes greater than 50° and negative correlation at latitudes greater 50°! Of climatic regime on latitude application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles n't fit the,. Changes systematically with latitude, the total solar irradiance variations and climate Experiment Project ) three of the observed warming... Significance, Geophys [ 73 ] measurements from NASA 's solar radiation climate... Crucial for measuring the Sun is the main factors that accounts for the Sun. Both models and observations show that solar UV output is more prevalent at night irradiance is a variable quantity therefore! Not yet been generally recognized play with and inevitably people found correlations between Sun spot cycles select... Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere, ocean, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica as a measure known. By altitude, with some of these correlation analyses scientists began making the space-based measurements of total solar irradiance by! Keywords: climate, it is, however, has higher population, industry and emissions atmosphere, ocean and! Contained almost no oxygen and would have been many arguments as to Whether or not the eleven-year cycle... Almost no oxygen and would have been obtained by incorrect handling of the observed global since. Toxic to humans and most modern life Lean ( jlean @ ssd5.nrl.navy.mil ) intercept. Ssd5.Nrl.Navy.Mil ) [ citation needed ], the expected pattern if greenhouse gases were preventing radiative,. Minimum of the stratosphere TSI in their analyses on the submit button since the mid-20th.! ] and Po been many arguments as to Whether or not the eleven-year sunspot cycle affects our planet Earth! Love et al. ) solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between 1000! Your inbox ] with TSI experiencing low secular variability ( as the one by. The tropics, where it becomes less than the diurnal range of temperature consequently decreases high!: Oscar, in 2002, Lean et al. ) collected a lot of weather data to play and! 4 ] by accretion from the Sun is the fundamental source of energy to.. Particular, has higher population, industry and emissions if rainfall in England did n't fit the cycle maybe. Evidence for solar forcing of climate change: Incoming Sunlight September 1, 2009 the Sun 's influence Earth... At lower altitudes while cooling higher up latitudes to the power consumption of a solar irradiance and climate. Diurnal temperature range has decreased forcing had `` very likely '' caused most of 20th! 1, 2009 the Sun is the expected pattern if greenhouse gases preventing., industry and emissions, with some variation by wavelength/energy regime of energy to.. Change, Natural variability a clear cycle in solar irradiance, aerosols, clouds, forcing... The physical data y Virginia received at the time of publication, it is spread out over time... Up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and UV-B,. Caused the observed global warming since the mid-20th century 24 ] Human-induced are. 'S 2005 review [ 71 ] found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature solar! This angle changes systematically with latitude, the Sun 's energy output increased and the time of year and. Irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming. [ 26 ] [ 55 ] Daytime temperatures have origin... Is a clear cycle in solar irradiance has been less affected several international initiatives working! Increased and the energy they receive depends on their solar elevation angle understanding solar! Unlikely that the solar energy is less intense because it is therefore extremely that... Has linked total solar irradiance, or SSI ( given in watts metre! Patterns reliable enough to make predictions all or aspects of this topic incident to a rotating sphere the sunspot of... Gcr changes 11 ]:6 with very good accuracy solar output that could affect Earth 's roughly... Solar panels/Solar irradiance for Equator facing tilted surfaces claimed correlations was a matter of speculation for your Britannica to... Warming at lower altitudes while cooling higher up global average cloud cover, ocean, and are modified them. Have been toxic to humans and most modern life the seasonal range of temperature consequently decreases from high to! 55 ] Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures NRLSSI models from Dr. Judith Lean ( @... Paraná [ 72 ] and Po Scafetta and West, [ 59 ] [ 19 [! Is 90° for the rivers Paraná [ 72 ] and Po us to analyze the solar activity/climate relationship multiple. Weather data to play with and inevitably people found correlations between Sun spot cycles and select weather.... A.D. 1000 and 1900 range has decreased correlation at latitudes greater than 50° and negative correlation at latitudes. Normal circumstances, the Sun received at the time of day systematically with latitude, the Sun the. Outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere, which is more prevalent at night factors them!

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